A/75/123 OSCE in the area. In particular, France, alongside the other participating States, is piloting the implementation of confidence-building measure 15, on securing critical infrastructure. France also believes that many of the challenges related to cybersecurity should be addressed through a multi-stakeholder approach, in order to take into account the role and specific responsibilities of non-State actors. In the Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace, issued in 2018, France emphasized the need for a strengthened multi-stakeholder approach. France believes that civil society, academia, the private sector and the technical community possess expertise and resources that are useful for developing aspects of relevant cybersecurity policies. The Paris Call, 2 submitted by the President of the Republic at the Internet Governance Forum held at the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization on 12 November 2018, testifies to the country’s active role in the promotion of a secure, stable and open cyberspace. The world’s largest multi-stakeholder cybersecurity initiative, the Paris Call, is now supported by 78 States and more than 1,000 non-State entities. It is intended to promote certain fundamental principles for the regulation of the digital space, including the application of international law and human rights law in cyberspace, the responsible behaviour of States, the monopoly of States on legitimate violence, and recognition of the specific responsibilities of private actors. France has also supported the development, by the Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace, of proposals for standards and policies to strengthen international security and stability and to guide responsible State behaviour in cyberspace. The report containing the conclusions of the Com mission was presented at the second Paris Peace Forum. France is working to ensure that the Group of 20 addresses the fundamental issues of competition in the digital economy and new methods of regulation and governance of digital security, in line with the Paris Call. France has also been involved from within the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). It currently chairs the OECD Working Party on Security and Privacy in the Digital Economy and wishes to work on such matters as the responsibility of private actors, the securing of products and services, and the responsible disclosure of vulnerabilities. In the area of capacity-building, owing to the high level of connectivity between networks and societies, France believes that cybersecurity for all will be ensured only once each State has sufficient capacity to secure its own information systems. It is therefore strengthening the cybersecurity capacities of its partners, bilaterally or multilaterally. Such efforts to improve cooperation are beneficial to all parties: they allow us to remain up to date by engaging with and learning from our peers, and they foster the mutual enrichment of knowledge and expertise and the development of trust among the stakeholders involved. In recent years, France has also deployed international technical experts in cybersecurity within the internal security forces of partner countries. For example, France is working with Senegal to continue the activities of the national school for cybersecurity in Daka r, an institution that has a regional scope and was inaugurated at the end of 2018. The aim of the project is to provide short and adaptable training courses for cybersecurity professionals and senior officials from West Africa as a matter of priority. __________________ 2 32/84 Available at https://pariscall.international/en. 20-08285