security or protection of critical infrastructures, among others, and they do not respect borders. This transverse nature means that cybersecurity covers a comprehensive perspective that includes Public Administrations, the public and private sector and society as a whole, so there might be simultaneous implications on a wide range of aspects such as sovereignty, fundamental rights, defence, the economy and technological development. In this scenario, defences can evolve continually to adapt to a dominating threat that is multiplied by the pull effect caused by its high degree of impunity. At the same time, the defence ground is expanding and becoming more complicated every day. In this respect, providing security in information networks and systems requires improving prevention, detection and response measures, encouraging security through design and by default. It should be incorporated both into developing technological products and services and their updates or how they are used. Actions that use cyberspace for malicious purposes Digital technologies open up new activities and ways of doing business that have to be duly regulated as they might affect stability and our rights and freedoms, presenting substantial threats and challenges for National Security. In the same way, the same qualities that help cyberspace drive progress can be exploited for harmful purposes when combined with how exceptionally easy it is to remain anonymous, steal identities and amplify effects. Thanks to the Internet revolution, States, organised groups, collectives and even isolated individuals can attain a so-far unprecedented level of power and capability to influence. Digital connectivity means that 24 National Cybersecurity Strategy 2019 Prime Minister’s Office