they can often achieve their aims using basic tools and techniques against vulnerable targets because the defenses of their victims are poor. 2.1.1.2 Terrorists Terrorist groups continue to aspire to conduct damaging cyber activities against nations and their interests. The current technical capability of terrorists is judged to be low. Nonetheless, the impact of even low-capability activities against the state to date has been unpredictable: the sniffing of Al Shabab, Boku Haram and possible ISIS as we are seen as allies of western states is a case in point. The use of online radicalization and spreading fear through social networks would have serious consequences on our national security if not countered. Terrorists will likely use any cyber capability to achieve the maximum effect possible. Thus, even a moderate increase in terrorist capability may constitute a significant threat to the Sierra Leone and its interests. 2.1.1.3 Hacktivists Hacktivists (hackers and activists) groups are decentralized and issue-orientated. They form and select their targets in response to perceived grievances, introducing a vigilante quality to many of their acts. While the majority of Hacktivists cyber activities are disruptive in nature (website defacement or DDoS), well trained Hacktivists have been able to inflict greater and lasting damage on their victims. Insider threats remain a cyber-risk to organizations in Sierra Leone. Malicious insiders, who are trusted employees of an organization and have access to critical systems and data, pose the greatest threat. They can cause financial and reputational damage through the theft of sensitive data and intellectual property. They can also pose a destructive cyber threat if they use their privileged knowledge, or access, to facilitate, or launch, an attack to disrupt or degrade critical services on the network of their organizations, or wipe data from the network. 2.2 VULNERABILITIES 2.2.1 Internet of things (IOTs) Most people conceive of cyber security through the prism of protecting devices such as their desktop computer or laptop. However, the internet has become increasingly integrated into our daily lives in ways we are largely oblivious of. The IOTs creates new opportunities for