A/76/187 open and interoperable cyberspace underpinned by applicable international law, welldefined norms of responsible State behaviour, robust confidence -building measures and coordinated capacity-building. It is important that discussions on such laws, rules and norms continue to take place at the United Nations, which is the only universal, inclusive and multilateral forum where all States have an equal voice. Singapore participated in the Group of Governmental Experts on Advancing Responsible State Behaviour in Cyberspace in the Context of I nternational Security for the period from 2019 to 2021 and the recently concluded Open -Ended Working Group established pursuant to General Assembly resolution 73/27. We remain committed to contributing constructively to the United Nations work to develop and implement norms and rules on cybersecurity and will continue to participate actively in future United Nations processes. In our view, it is important for future cybersecurity discussions at the United Nations to take into account a wide range of views, especially from small States and developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the effects of cyberconflict. To this end, any future United Nations process on cybersecurity should be open, inclusive and collaborative to further strengthen international cooperation and make progress on advancing responsible State behaviour in cyberspace. As a co-chair of the Group of Friends on e-Governance and Cybersecurity with Estonia, Singapore will continue to use this platform to raise awareness of cyberchallenges, share best practices and promote capacity -building at the United Nations. Singapore believes that States need to promote awareness of the existing voluntary, non-binding norms of responsible State behaviour and support their implementation. Singapore supports further elaboration of such norms where needed. For example, cross-border critical information infrastructure, of which their protection is the shared responsibility of all Member States, coul d be considered a special category of such critical infrastructure and should be included in the existing set of norms, as ICT threats to such infrastructure could have destabilizing effects regionally and globally. 2 Regional organizations can play an important role. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) reaffirmed the need for a rules-based international order in cyberspace in the first ASEAN leaders’ statement on cybersecurity cooperation, issued in April 2018. In September 2018, participants in the third ASEAN Ministerial Conference on Cybersecurity decided to subscribe in principle to the 11 norms in the 2015 report of the Group of Governmental Experts, as well as to focus on regional capacity-building in implementing these norms. In October 2019, participants in the fourth ASEAN Ministerial Conference on Cybersecurity decided to establish a working-level committee to consider the development of a long -term regional action plan to ensure effective and practical implementation of the norms , including in the areas of cooperation among computer emergency response teams, protection of critical information infrastructure and mutual assistance in cybersecurity. Participants in the fifth ASEAN Ministerial Conference on Cybersecurity, held in 2020, reiterated the commitment of ASEAN to develop an action plan to chart the implementation road map for the norms at an appropriate pace for all ASEAN member States. Participants also agreed on the urgent need to protect national and cross -border critical information infrastructures. Capacity-building is essential to ensure that individual States develop the ability to successfully implement the norms of responsible State behaviour and their obligations under international law. As part of this effort, Sing apore established the __________________ 2 22/46 Cross-border critical information infrastructures are critical information infrastructures owned by private companies and operating across national bord ers, but not under any single State’s jurisdiction. 21-10045