effects; their territories may be used as a virtual base by offenders who are never physically present there. Offending patterns often reflect the fact that criminal conduct can be displaced by strong laws and law enforcement into jurisdictions where the risks are less for offenders, but with physical crimes such as robbery an isolated location makes this difficult. Strict enforcement elsewhere is unlikely to displace much bank robbery to Tuvalu or Tonga, but the same is not true for cybercrime. If small developing countries are not supported in developing and maintaining security and other capacities at levels consistent with other countries, they risk becoming attractive to offenders as a safe haven from which other locations can be attacked, and this provides an incentive for developed countries to provide such assistance and for developing ones to accept it. Smaller, more isolated countries also often rely more heavily on the Internet and communications technologies than larger countries specifically because they are isolated, and this degree of dependence means that the adverse effects, such as a loss of communications, can have much more serious consequences. 1.59 The challenge to small countries is not only to develop law enforcement and preventive capacity but to maintain it on an on-going basis. To do this, special co-operative relationships among the smaller developing countries as well as between developed and developing countries should be explored. Examples might include the development of regionally based investigative or emergency response resources, and the sharing or provision of investigators, forensic facilities and similar resources on a case-by-case basis as needed. The practical, legal and sovereignty aspects of such arrangements need to be explored and the nature of the Commonwealth may make it a useful forum for such consideration. Recommendations 1. The Group recommends all Commonwealth countries to co-operate effectively, both within the Commonwealth and globally, to develop, monitor, maintain and update frequently their expertise in policy, law enforcement, prosecution and prevention of cybercrime. 2. The Group recommends that each member state develops and maintains an effective national strategy to co-ordinate efforts to prevent and combat cybercrime. This may include legislative, judicial, prosecutorial, law enforcement and preventative public sector entities and appropriate private sector entities. 3. The Group recommends the creation of special co-operative relationships among the smaller developing countries as well as between developed and developing countries to build law enforcement and preventive capacity and to maintain it on an on-going basis, for example including the development of regionally-based investigative or emergency response resources, and the sharing or provision of investigators, forensic facilities and similar resources on a case-by-case basis as needed, and to explore the practical, legal and sovereignty aspects of such arrangements. 4. The Group recommends that Commonwealth countries develop effective prevention strategies in co-operation with the private sector and civil society, having regard to the need for preventive measures to be co-ordinated internationally. Specific elements should include the development and maintenance of appropriate technical security measures, training directed at 23