40 National Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and Security Review Northern Ireland related terrorism 4.101 The threat level from Northern Ireland related terrorism remains Severe in Northern Ireland and Moderate in Great Britain. The threat is from violent dissident republican groupings which retain lethal intent and capability, and whose targets are primarily the police but also prison officers and members of the Armed Forces. We continue to work to reduce this enduring threat. We provided £231 million of additional security funding to the Police Service of Northern Ireland from 2011 to 2015. 4.102 The Government will maintain our investment in capabilities to keep the people of Northern Ireland safe. The Security Service, the Police Service of Northern Ireland and the police in the Republic of Ireland will continue to work together to investigate and disrupt the evolving threat from violent dissident republicans. E. Cyber 4.103 British businesses and government, including the security and intelligence agencies, have made the UK a world leader in cyber security. 4.104 In 2011 we published the UK’s first National Cyber Security Strategy. Since then we have invested £860 million in new technology and capabilities. We established the Centre for Cyber Assessment and the UK’s Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-UK). We have built a close partnership between government, the private sector and academia, sharing research, driving innovation and supporting our growing digital economy. We share our specialist knowledge with allies, and cyber defence is part of NATO’s core task of collective defence, which could lead to an Article 5 response to a cyber attack threatening national security, stability and prosperity. 4.105 We will invest £1.9 billion over the next five years in protecting the UK from cyber attack and developing our sovereign capabilities in cyber space. In 2016 we will publish a second five-year National Cyber Security Strategy, and we will launch a further fiveyear National Cyber Security Programme. These will ensure that we have in place all the necessary components to defend the UK from cyber attack. These include capabilities that allow us to understand and tackle the most advanced threats, law enforcement capabilities to deal with cyber crime, support for businesses particularly in the UK’s CNI, and the skills and innovation needed for the long term. Detection, defence and response 4.106 The volume and complexity of cyber attacks against the UK are rising sharply, as are the costs to business. It is becoming easier to put together an advanced attack because of software readily available on the black market. 4.107 We will invest in capabilities to detect and analyse cyber threats, pre-empt attacks and track down those responsible. Primarily based in the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), these capabilities will enable us to match the pace of technological change. We will continue to share knowledge with British industry and with allies. 4.108 We will develop a series of measures to actively defend ourselves against cyber attacks. These national capabilities, developed and operated by the private sector, will reinforce the UK’s reputation for being one of the safest places in the world to do business.