responsible for upholding the common interest and promoting the common good, and motivated by a powerful sense of patriotism.  The lack of collaboration mandates between administrations at the national level: Every institution is working on its security separately without a clear framework of collaboration with other institutions. Institutions would benefit from sharing and exchanging information and data. In addition, there is a lack of collaboration and cooperation across the different departments of the same institution, especially in the field of security. Each department and unit act and work independently rather than cooperating to secure the overall organization/institution.  The lack of active participation of the private sector in the advancement of the public sector: The public sector lacks a regulatory role and awarenessbuilding system and relies on the private sector to cover the shortage in experience and development capacity of its IT departments and positions, and to secure and provide IT-related and Cyber Security services. It is important for the public sector to outsource such services. However, the Lebanese public sector came out weaker from such collaboration with the private sector. Records show that the private sector did not successfully or adequately manage handing over these IT projects to the public sector and it did not benefit as it should have from the completion of such projects. This should be addressed in any future partnerships with the private sector and/or international cooperation in order to ensure constructive outcomes.  The absence of an initiative for a National Information System and Digital Transformation Strategy at the highest level: Despite all the efforts exerted independently or through OMSAR in e-government and automation projects since 1995 in various ministries, Lebanon continues to fall short on developing a nation-wide vision with a cooperative inter-institutional approach. There is an evident and serious imbalance between institutions and ICT coordination is not institutionalized at the highest level, which makes detecting, identifying, and managing Cyber Security-related incidents very difficult. Within such an environment, the effective use of Cyber Security and Cyber Defense to protect citizens, and public or private organizations targeted by Cyber Attacks becomes seriously compromised.  The shortage of Cyber Security experts and the difficulty to adapt to rapid changes: Administrative bodies, companies, and universities in Lebanon are in desperate need of developing awareness and creating a well-structured and balanced Cyber Security atmosphere by targeting educational and training programs at all levels (universities, jobs, conferences, etc.), to be ready to respond to the rapid development in the nature of Cyber Crimes and the methods used. June 2019 LEBANON NATIONAL CYBER SECURITY STRATEGY 10