National strategic framework for cyberspace security specific services. Another example is the so-called Web Defacement, that alters the data of a chosen Internet website with the specific goal to cause disinformation, defamation or simply mockery. In other cases, hacktivists make use of malware quite similar to the ones used by hackers and computer criminals to surreptitiously seize data that are owned by the government, or that belong to companies or individuals, in order to publically expose them, or just to demonstrate the computer skills that they have. used to perpetrate activities that would be illegal in other conventional domains. Terrorism It is possible that in the next future terrorist groups or individual “lone wolves” might make use of cyber offence capabilities to hit military and civil targets. These cyber weapons might either be ready available to terrorists through criminals operating within the computer crime market, or might be developed independently by the terrorists through a process of reverse engineering of already existing cyber weapons. Fortunately, this is for the time being only a hypothetical threat, but it is essential to make sure that potentially destructive cyber tools remain out of the reach of dangerous users. The use of the Internet for illegal activities The digital arena is an extraordinary means to establish connections at the global level. There is unfortunately also the risk that this communication platform and the high level of anonymity it allows are used by some to spread racial hate, exchange illegal material (such as, for example, child pornography) or plan crimes, civil unrest or terrorist attacks. Even if we cannot call these phenomena cyber attacks in the literal sense of the word, inasmuch as cyberspace in this case is only used as a means of communication, there is no doubt that the inherent lack of attribution allowed by cyberspace makes the threat particularly insidious. We cannot hesitate to clearly assert that the same norms and rules of behavior that already exist in the civil society fully apply to the cyber domain. The challenge before us is therefore to preserve the greatest possible degree of freedom of expression while making sure that the Internet is not Unexpected event, incident The full account of threats that stem from cyberspace is virtually impossible because this domain is characterized by continuous technological innovations; therefore unexpected developments might confront us with new technological and governance challenges demanding a collective and systemic effort. Cyberspace is a man-made domain, and as such it is potentially flawed. It is therefore necessary to develop the necessary skills to anticipate and prevent rare and unexpected events, focusing on the resilience and the business continuity of the services that are essential for the security and the stability of the country. 16