particular the cooperation between the EU Hybrid Fusion Cell and the NATO Hybrid Analysis Branch should be further leveraged to strengthen resilience and response to cyber crises. Further cooperation between the EU and NATO will be fostered through cyber defence exercises, with the involvement of the EEAS and other EU entities and relevant NATO counterparts, including the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence in Tallinn. For the first time, NATO and the EU will carry out parallel and coordinated exercises in response to a hybrid scenario with NATO taking the lead in 2017 and the EU reciprocating in a similar fashion in 2018. The next report on EU-NATO cooperation, to be submitted to the respective Councils in December 2017, will offer an opportunity to consider possibilities to further expand cooperation, notably by ensuring common, secure and robust means of communication between all relevant institutions and bodies involved, including ENISA. Key actions    5. Advance the strategic framework for conflict prevention and stability in cyberspace; Develop a new Capacity Building Network to support third countries’ ability to address cyber threats and EU Cybersecurity Capacity Building Guidelines to better prioritise EU efforts; Further cooperation between EU and NATO, including participation in parallel and coordinated exercises and enhanced interoperability of cybersecurity standards. CONCLUSION EU cyber preparedness is central to both the Digital Single Market and our Security and Defence Union. Enhancing European cybersecurity and addressing threats to both civilian and military targets is a must. The upcoming Digital Summit organised by the Estonian Presidency on 29 September 2017 provides an opportunity to show a common determination to put cybersecurity at the heart of the EU as a digital society. As part of this common commitment, the Commission calls on the Member States to pledge how they intend to act in areas where they have the primary responsibility. This should include strengthening cybersecurity by:      Ensuring full and effective implementation of the NIS Directive by 9 May 2018, as well as the resources necessary for public authorities responsible for cybersecurity to effectively carry out their tasks; Applying the same rules to public administrations, given the role they play in society and the economy as a whole; Providing cybersecurity-related training in public administration; Prioritising cyber-awareness in information campaigns and including cybersecurity as part of academic and vocational training curricula; Using initiatives on the "Permanent Structured Cooperation" (PESCO) and the European Defence Fund to support the development of cyber defence projects. This Joint Communication has set out the scale of the challenge, and the range of measures that the EU can take. We need a Europe that is resilient, which can protect its people effectively by anticipating possible cybersecurity incidents, by building strong protection in its structures and behaviour, by recovering quickly from any cyber-attacks, and by deterring those responsible. This Communication puts forward targeted measures that will further strengthen the EU's cybersecurity structures and capabilities in a coordinated manner, with the full cooperation of the Member States and the different EU structures concerned and respecting their competencies and responsibilities. Its implementation will provide a clear 20