intellectual property secure and enables protecting fundamental rights such as freedom of expression and the protection of personal data, and ensures safe online commerce.48 As the EU civilian and defence cybersecurity markets share common challenges49 and dualuse technology that call for close collaboration in critical areas, a second phase of the network and its Centre could be further developed with a cyber defence dimension, in full respect of the Treaty provisions related to the Common Security and Defence Policy. As well as its technological focus, the defence dimension could contribute to the cooperation between Member States in the area of cyber defence, including sharing of information, situational awareness, building expertise and coordinated reactions, and supporting Member States' development of common capabilities. It could also act as a platform, enabling Member States to identify the priorities for the EU's cyber defence, investigating common solutions, contributing to the development of common strategies, facilitating joint cyber defence training, exercises and testing at European level, and supporting work on cyber defence taxonomies and standards, with the Centre having a supporting and advisory role. To pursue the above activities, the Centre would need to work closely and in full complementarity with the European Defence Agency in the area of cyber defence, as well as with ENISA in the area of cyber resilience. This defence dimension would take into account the process launched by the Reflection paper on the future of European Defence. The high level of resilience required in cyber defence calls for specific targeting of research and technology efforts. The cyber defence projects or technologies developed by undertakings could benefit from European Defence Fund financing when it comes to both the research and development phase.50 Specific areas such as encryption systems based on quantum technologies, cyber situational awareness, biometric access control systems, Advanced Persistent Threats detection, or data mining could be particularly relevant in this context. The High Representative, the European Defence Agency and the Commission will support Member States in identifying areas where common cybersecurity projects could be considered for financing by the European Defence Fund. 2.6 Building a strong EU cyber skills base There is a strong education dimension to cyber security. Effective cybersecurity relies heavily on the skills of the people concerned. But the cybersecurity skills gap for professionals working in the private sector in Europe is predicted to be 350,000 by 2022.51 Cybersecurity education should be developed at all levels, starting from regular training of a cyber workforce, additional cybersecurity training for all ICT specialists, and new specific cybersecurity curricula. Strong academic competence centres should be established to meet the demands for accelerated education and training, which could draw on guidance from a European Cybersecurity Research and Competence Centre and ENISA. The goal should be that it becomes natural to design ICT products and systems which incorporate security principles from the very beginning. Cybersecurity education should not be limited to IT professionals, but should be mainstreamed in curricula for other areas, such as engineering, business management or law, as well as for sector-specific education tracks. Finally, teachers 48 49 50 51 Cybersecurity in the European Digital Single Market, High level group of Scientific Advisors, March 2017. "Study on synergies between the civilian and the defence cybersecurity markets"(Optimity; SMART 20140059). Already now the European Defence Industry Development Programme will give priority to cyber-defence projects and cyber defence will be one of the themes of the call for proposals that will be launched in 2018. Global Information Security Workforce Study 2017. The global shortfall is 1.8 million. 10