36. While recalling the primary responsibility of States for maintaining a secure, safe and trusted ICT environment, the importance of a multi-stakeholder approach to capacity-building that addresses technical and policy gaps in all relevant sectors of society was also emphasized. States noted in particular that sustainability in capacity-building can be enhanced by an approach that entails engagement and partnership with local civil society, the technical community, academic institutions and private sector actors and through the creation of expert rosters and hubs. In this regard, it was also emphasized that national approaches to ICT security could benefit from adopting a cross-sectoral, holistic and multi-disciplinary approach to capacity-building, including by enhancing national coordination bodies with the participation of relevant stakeholders to assess the effectiveness of programmes. Such an approach may also help address challenges posed by newly emerging technologies. 37. States called attention to the “gender digital divide” and urged that specific measures be taken at the national and international levels to address gender equality and the meaningful participation of women in international discussions and capacity-building programmes on ICTs and international security, including through the collection of gender-disaggregated data. States expressed appreciation for programmes that have facilitated the participation of women in multilateral ICT-security discussions. The need to strengthen linkages between this topic and the United Nations Women, Peace and Security agenda was also emphasized. 38. States noted that many obstacles hinder or reduce the effectiveness of capacity-building. Insufficient coordination and complementarity in the identification and delivery of capacitybuilding efforts were highlighted as significant concerns. States also raised practical concerns related to the identification of capacity-building needs, timeliness of response to requests for capacity-building assistance, as well as in the design, delivery, sustainability and accessibility of capacity-building activities, and the lack of specific metrics to measure their impact. In many contexts, insufficient human, financial and technical resources impede capacitybuilding efforts and progress to narrow the digital divide. Once capacity has been built, some countries face the challenge of talent retention in a competitive market for ICT professionals. States mentioned that lack of access to ICT security-related technologies was also an issue. Regular Institutional Dialogue 39. In their discussions at the OEWG, States recalled the OEWG’s mandate in General Assembly resolution 73/27 to study the possibility of establishing regular institutional dialogue and confirmed that the OEWG’s assessments and recommendations in this regard would be a central outcome of its work. 40. States expressed a range of views regarding the objectives that should be the priority for future regular institutional dialogue and which format of regular dialogue could best support these objectives. Some States expressed the desire for regular dialogue to prioritize implementation of existing commitments and recommendations, including developing guidance to support and monitor their implementation; coordinating and strengthening the effectiveness of capacity-building; and identifying and exchanging good practices. Other States expressed the desire for regular dialogue to prioritize the further development of existing commitments and elaboration of additional commitments, including the negotiation of a legally binding instrument and the institutional structures to support it. 41. Some States made a specific proposal on the establishment of a Programme of Action (PoA) for advancing responsible State behaviour in cyberspace with a view to establishing a permanent UN forum to consider the use of ICTs by States in the context of international security. It was proposed that the PoA would constitute a political commitment by States to 9