cloud solutions in private homes and in the workplace. The need to cut costs and have access to expertise means that more ICT functions are outsourced to third parties, particularly in low-cost countries. This trend creates dependency and vulnerabilities across sectors, areas of responsibility and national borders. Threat assessments show that foreign states are willing to employ a variety of means to gain access to sensitive and confidential information and to influence political, economic and administrative processes and decisions. The same means are also used by national and international criminals. Cyberspace, in combination with the information access, also creates opportunities for influence operations, to an extent and impact we have never seen before. Cyber security comprises the full range of digital vulnerabilities. Cyber security includes technical and administrative security measures and the protection of ICT systems and the information in these. Therefore, cyber security is about the protection of “everything” that is vulnerable because it is connected to or otherwise dependent on ICT. The term cyber security is used in this white paper synonymously with the term cyber security. Integrity, confidentiality and availability are important security goals when it comes to maintaining cyber security:2    Confidentiality means not disclosing information to unauthorised persons, and that only authorised persons have access to the information. Integrity means that the information and the information processing are complete, accurate and valid and a result of authorised and controlled activities. Availability means that a service meets certain requirements for stability, so that relevant information is available when needed. Businesses will prioritise the various goals differently depending on the purpose the business has or will support, and the requirements and risk to which it must relate. A means of achieving the security goals is traceability, in order to know who has accessed the systems, and who has handled or changed information. Traceability is becoming increasingly important given the trends related to influence operations and other undesirable cyber incidents. Good cyber security is necessary for everyday life to function well. Services such as bank, commerce and health have been transferred to digital platforms. Most businesses rely on digital services in their production of goods and services. 4 Cyber security and privacy Protection of privacy is an important part of the right to respect for a private life – a fundamental human right protected in both the Constitution, the European Convention on Human Rights and the UN Convention on Civil and Political rights. NOU 2009: 1 Individual and integrity – Privacy in the digital society (the Norwegian Privacy Commission) defined privacy as follows: Privacy concerns safeguarding personal integrity; safeguarding individuals’ opportunity for a private life, autonomy and self-expression. 2 Cyber Security Strategy for Norway, 2012.