E/CN.15/2014/CRP.1 emotional and sexual needs through online sexual activity. Another type of offenders consists of those who use the Internet to avoid real-world emotions and for whom interacting with child sexual abuse material serves as a soothing strategy when confronted with emotional distress.179 Other related typologies differentiate between “morally indiscriminant” offenders, whose child sexual abuse material-related offences constitute only part of their engagement in a broad variety of illegal conduct, and ”profiteers” who seek to generate money from the lucrative child sexual abuse material market. Although the latter may feel morally ambivalent about child sexual abuse material or even object to the exploitation per se, their interest in profit overrides their misgivings. Alternatively, commercial providers may have an interest in child sexual abuse material themselves, and may seek to add to their own contacts and collections of illicit material through commercial activities. 180 Another important typology ranks offenders by the degree of seriousness of their conduct. One measure of seriousness is the level of in-person contact with victims involved, which ranks contact offenses as more serious than noncontact offenses. Another point of reference is the degree to which offenders protect access to their child sexual abuse material collections for the purposes of evading detection by law enforcement. In this respect, levels of protection of child sexual abuse material may serve as a measurement of perpetrator levels of involvement in child exploitation.181 Research also considers offenders’ motivation to commit cyber-enticement or grooming offences. A recent European Union report classified offenders into three groups according to their motivations. The first category consists of “intimacy seekers”, who consider their relationships with children to be both romantic and consensual and tend to refrain from collecting large caches of child sexual abuse material, instead focusing their time and energy on pushing for inperson encounters with children. The second category in this typology consists of “adaptable offenders”, believing that their victims are precociously sexually mature, so that they are genuinely capable of consenting to the relationship. Thirdly, “hypersexual offenders” constitute the most serious category and possess vast collections of pornographic material. 182 Cyber-enticers are driven by their desire to engage in sexual acts with children or at least by a wish to fuel their fantasies about such unions. They often create sophisticated online personas for the express purpose of enticing children to produce self-created pornographic content through webcams. They may typically try to seduce multiple children at once, while wasting little time in escalating online conversations to a sexual tone. Cyber-enticers also typically join groups of and communicate with other offenders for both social affirmation and tactical advice. The most frequent aggressive online sexual solicitations involve asking to meet a child in person (seven per cent of cases), calling a young person on the telephone (34 per cent of cases), coming to the home of the young person (18 percent of cases), giving a young person money, gifts, or other items (12 per cent of cases), sending offline mail to a young person (nine per cent of cases), and buying travel tickets for a young person (three per cent of cases).183 People who transmit harmful content to children have varied motivations. Many simply gain satisfaction from the idea of causing harm to children. For instance, children using peer2peer file sharing-programs may open pornographic content because the files have been mislabelled. Along similar lines, perpetrators may set up websites with explicit content including pornography, and select URLs (uniform resource locators) that contain small or common misspellings of the names websites intended for use by children. Conversely, transmission of harmful material to children may be profitmotivated. For example, professional spam operations that send out millions of e-mails advertising pornography or other explicit content may simply not care about the harmful consequences of such material on children.184 Results vary widely on the link between non-contact child sexual abuse material offenders and contact abusers.185 Studies suggest, however, that at least some offenders commit both contact and non-contact offences.186 Whilst the degree __________________ 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 Quayle, E., Taylor, M., 2002.. Beech A., et al., 2008. P. 225. Ibid. Pp. 224-225. Webster, S., et al., 2012. European Online Grooming Project. Final Report. Pp. 13-14. Wolak, J., et al., 2006. Online Victimization of Youth Five Years Later. Available at http://www.missingkids.com/en_US/publications/NC167.pdf. See, for example, OECD, 2011; House of Commons Culture, Media and Sport Committee, 2008. Harmful content on the Internet and in video games. Tenth Report of Session 2007–08. See e.g. Bourke M. L., Hernandez. A., 2009. The Butner Study Redux. Journal of Family Violence 24:183-191. See, for example, Beech, et al., 2008. V.14-03040 29