E/CN.15/2014/CRP.1 Figure 2: Forms of internet-facilitated child sexual abuse Source: EU Safer Internet Project Taking such work into account, and drawing from available research and data, including the Cybercrime Study, this study considers the main forms of ICT-facilitated child abuse and exploitation under the following broad headings: child sexual abuse material (child pornography); commercial sexual exploitation of children; cyber-enticement, solicitation and grooming; cyber-bullying, cyber-harassment and cyber-stalking; and exposure to harmful content. Child sexual abuse material (child pornography) Before elaborating on the different forms of child sexual abuse material, it is important to first describe the term itself. Article 2(c), Optional Protocol to the CRC on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography describes child pornography as “any representation, by whatever means, of a child engaged in real or simulated explicit sexual activities or representation of the sexual parts of a child, the dominant characteristics of which is depiction for a sexual purpose.” Article 34 of CRC itself requires States Parties to take all appropriate national, bilateral and multilateral measures to prevent the “exploitative use of children in pornographic performances and materials.”43 Article 9 (2) of the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime defines “child pornography” as including “pornographic material that visually depicts: a) a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct; b) a person appearing to be a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct; c) realistic images representing a minor engaged in sexually explicit content”. Non-governmental organizations have also proposed definitions, such as the “visual depiction of a child engaged in explicit sexual conduct, real or simulated, or the lewd exhibition of the genitals intended for the sexual gratification of the user, and involves production, distribution and/or use of such material.”44 While the term “child pornography” is still widely used, “child sexual abuse material” has been increasingly used to describe sexually explicit representations of children, as the term is believed to more accurately reflect the grave nature of the content and to challenge any notion that such acts might be carried out pursuant to the consent of the child.45 The COSPOL Internet Related Child Abusive Material Project (CIRCAMP), for example, advocates the notion that “[a] sexual __________________ 43 44 45 10 Subgroup Against the Sexual Exploitation of Children 2005. P. 26. Ibid. P. 33. Quayle, E., et al. In: Ainsaar, M., Lööf, L. (eds.). P. 12. V.14-03040