26. See infra § 2 C.
27. The ultima ratio principle emphasizes the
repressive nature of the criminal justice
system and classifies it as the last resort of
the legislator. See, e.g., Sakari Melander,
“Ultima Ratio in European Criminal
Law,” Oñate Socio-Legal Series, Vol.
3 (2013); Rudolf Wendt, “The Principle
of Ultima Ratio and/or the Principle of
Proportionality,” Oñate Socio-Legal
Series, Vol. 3 (2013); Markus D. Dubber,
“Ultima Ratio as Caveat Dominus: Legal
Principles, Police Maxims and the Critical
Analysis of Law,” SSRN (5 Jul. 2013), at
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2289479.
28. Kathleen Fuller, “ICANN: The Debate
Over Governing the Internet,” Duke Law
& Technology Review, Vol. 2 (2001); Mary
B. Kibble, “Fear Mongering, Filters, the
Internet and the First Amendment: Why
Congress Should Not Pass Legislation
Similar to the Deleting Online Predators
Act,” Roger Williams University Law
Review, Vol. 13 (2007), p. 497.
29. Anita Bernstein, “Social Networks and
the Law: Real Remedies for Virtual
Injuries,” North Carolina Law Review,
Vol. 90 (Jun. 2012), p. 1457; “New Bill
Gives Turkish Government Power to
Shut Down Websites in Four Hours,”
BBC Monitoring Europe, (23 Mar. 2015);
Nicholas Cecil, “MP Demands Law to
Force Internet Providers to Remove Gang
Videos,” Evening Standard, (6 Nov. 2011),
at http://www.standard.co.uk/news/mpdemands-law-to-force-internet-providersto-remove-gang-videos-6365780.
html; Wayne McCormack, “US Judicial
Independence: Victim in the ‘War on
Terror,’” Washington & Lee Law Review,
Vol. 71 (2014), p. 305.
30. Mary M. Cheh, “Constitutional Limits
on Using Civil Remedies To Achieve
Criminal Law Objectives: Understanding
and Transcending the Criminal-Civil
Law Distinction,” Hastings Law Journal,
Vol. 42 (1991), p. 1325; Julie Adler, “The
Public’s Burden in a Digital Age: Pressures
on Intermediaries & the Privatization of
Internet Censorship,” Journal of Law
& Policy, Vol. 20 (2011), p. 231; James
R. Marsh, “Predators, Porn and the
Law: America’s Children in the Internet
Era: A Federal Civil Remedy for Child
Pornography Victims,” Syracuse Law
Review, Vol. 61 (2015), p. 459; Joseph
Salvador, “Dismantling the Internet Mafia:
RICO’s Applicability to Cyber Crime,”
Rutgers Computer & Technology Law
Journal, Vol. 41 (2015), p. 268. Microsoft
has used civil actions to attack botnets.
See Official Microsoft Blog, “Botnets,”
Microsoft, at https://blogs.microsoft.com/
blog/tag/botnets/#sm.000013htf1t8ngf0
zuycn3473chdh.
39. Mott, supra § 1 B, note 85.
40. “Ransomware Cyber-attack Threat
Escalating—Europe,” BBC News, (14
May 2017), at http://www.bbc.com/news/
technology-39913630.
41. “WannaCry: What Is Ransomware
and How to Avoid It,” Al Jazeera, (16
May 2017), at http://www.aljazeera.
com/news/2017/05/ransomwareavoid-170513041345145.html; Victoria
Woollaston, “Wanna Decryptor
Ransomware Appears to be Spawning
and This Time It May Not Have a Kill
Switch,” Wired, (16 May 2017), at http://
www.wired.co.uk/article/wanna-decryptorransomware. Typically, hackers rely on
tricking users to click on attachments
harboring attack code, and email is the
still the preferred attack tool. Ibid. See
also 2017 Internet Security Threat Report,
Symantec, at https://www.symantec.com/
content/dam/symantec/docs/reports/istr22-2017-en.pdf.
31. See, e.g., WDR, supra § 1 A, note 10,
at 223; see also Bauer, Johannes & Bill
Dutton, Addressing the Cybersecurity
Paradox: Economic and Cultural
Challenges to an Open and Global
Internet, Background Paper for the World
Development Report 2016, (Washington:
World Bank, 2016).
32. Emilio Viano, “Balancing Liberty and
Security Fighting Cybercrime: Challenges
for the Networked Society,” in: Stefano
Manacorda (ed.), Cybercriminality:
Finding a Balance between Freedom and
Security (Milano: ISPAC Editora, 2012), pp.
33–64.
33. Russell G. Smith, Ray Chak-Chung
Cheung & Laurie Yiu-Chung Lau,
Cybercrime Risks and Responses: Eastern
and Western Perspectives, (London:
Palgrave MacMillan, 2015), p. 47.
34. David Kushner, “The Real Story of
Stuxnet: How Kaspersky Lab Tracked
Down the Malware that Stymied Iran’s
Nuclear-Fuel Enrichment Program,”
IEEE Spectrum, (26 Feb. 2013), at http://
spectrum.ieee.org/telecom/security/thereal-story-of-stuxnet.
35. Ibid.
36. Michael S. Schmidt, “Cybersecurity Bill Is
Blocked in Senate by G.O.P. Filibuster,”
New York Times, (2 Aug. 2012), at: http://
www.nytimes.com/2012/08/03/us/politics/
cybersecurity-bill-blocked-by-gopfilibuster.html?_r=0.
37. Fuller, supra note 28.
38. See AIDP/IAPL, supra § 1 B, note 73.
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