A/76/187 control centres, malicious links of these cyberthreats are determined and prevented in order to protect critical infrastructures and citizens. Within this scope, cyberintelligence reports are prepared and shared with relevant parties. Guidelines have also been prepared and published, including on the following: • Security principles for remote connections • Protecting users from phishing attacks • Fake applications related to COVID-19 • Security principles for setting up and using videoconferencing and meeting software Turkey has taken important roles in many organizations, either by being a founder member or by contributing to cooperation efforts on cybersecurity and information security issues. In this context, Turkey gives importance to information sharing with different countries and organizations in a large range of areas. The National Cyber Emergency Response Team is a member of the Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams, Trusted Introducers, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Multi-National Malware Information Sharing Platform, the Cybersecurity Alliance for Mutual Progress and the Computer Emergency Response Team of the Organization of the Islamic Conference. Turkey has also taken part in the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence as a sponsoring nation since November 2015. In addition, there is ongoing bilateral and multilateral cooperation on cybersecurity, such as memorandums of understanding with many countries. Furthermore, Turkey is an active participant in and contributor to the studies of international organizations such as the United Nations, NATO, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Group of 20, the Cooperation Council of Turkic-speaking States and the Regional Arms Control Verification and Implementation Assistance Centre - Centre for Security Cooperation. Cybersecurity exercises are another important activity for cooperation and preparedness. This kind of exercise, performed at the national and international levels, contributes to strengthening cyberspace and the testing of measures to be ta ken against potential cyberthreats. Since 2011, four national and two international cybersecurity exercises have been organized by the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. Most recently, Cyber Shield 2019, which is an international cybersecurity exercise, was co-organized by the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure and the Information and Communication Technologies Authority on 19 December 2019 in Ankara. Cyber Shield 2019 was supported by ITU and the Cybersecurity Alliance for Mutual Progress. Furthermore, Turkey participates in and contributes to international cybersecurity exercises such as NATO Locked Shields, NATO Cyber Coalition and the NATO Crisis Management Exercise. As well as the other capacity-building and guidance studies, international cybersecurity exercises remain essential for increasing preparedness levels and building cyberincident response capacities across the world. International peace and security in cyberspace requires further studies based on enhanced international cooperation. It may clearly be seen that international law, and the norms and rules stated in the reports of the Groups of Governmental Experts, the Open-ended Working Groups and in related studies contribute to safer cyberspace. In addition, improving collaboration and supporting information-sharing mechanisms are vital for fighting against cyberthreats and need to be given due importance. 21-10045 29/46