levels of the MAF. Additionally, active interaction and interpersonal relations between senior officers are important in preserving bilateral defence cooperation. Brunei Darussalam which borders Sabah and Sarawak is critical for bilateral defence cooperation and in which it has been strengthened by the 1992 Memorandum of Understanding on Defence Cooperation. A variety of cooperative activities are being implemented such as military and defence officers exchange visits, logistical support and joint exercises. Malaysia’s defence cooperation with the Philippines was formalised in 1994. Defence cooperation through continuous dialogue and discussion and the implementation of a variety of efforts such as joint maritime patrol and surveillance is important to ensure security and stability along the maritime boundary shared between Malaysia and the Philippines. Malaysia regards bilateral cooperation with other ASEAN members such as Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam as also important. While Malaysia has not established formal bilateral defence cooperation with these countries with the exception of Vietnam in 2008, interaction between military and defence officers has increased. Training programme under the MDCP involving military officers from these countries is a successful defence diplomacy approach especially within ASEAN. Continuous interaction occurs during official visits by senior ASEAN defence leaders or during defence exhibitions such as the Defence Services Asia (DSA) and the Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition (LIMA). Malaysia regards the high level of involvement from many countries at these events as an approach which should be fully encouraged. The establishment of ADMM in 2006 in Kuala Lumpur showed Malaysia aspiration to improve defence cooperation and relations among ASEAN members. However the meeting is not intended to turn ASEAN into a military bloc or alliance but to create MALAYSIA’S NATIONAL DEFENCE POLICY Page 21