operators of critical infrastructure may serve the nation better in the long-term. Critical infrastructure owners and operators play the following roles in strategy elaboration:  Providing insights into how given cyber threats and vulnerabilities affect their sectors;  Offering information on how vulnerabilities affect proprietary systems and software;  Sharing knowledge of what really works due their operational security experience;  Sharing expertise on cyber assets, networks, systems, facilities and functions;  Showing how to balance cybersecurity with efficiency and profitability; and  Contributing to incident response expertise and experience. We discuss public-private partnerships in strategy implementation in more detail later. 5.3.4 The Judiciary The judiciary’s main role is to ensure that the nascent cybersecurity strategy aligns with national law in areas such as privacy. The judiciary also works with global partners to close gaps in national legislation that may provide a safe haven to cyber criminals. 5.3.5 Law Enforcement Law enforcement teams enforce cybercrime legislation. The teams should contribute to the elaboration of national cybersecurity strategy elaboration for the following reasons. First, law enforcement can validate the enforceability of proposed cybercrime framework. Second, the teams could advise on current and future national cybercrime investigatory requirements. Third, law enforcement may provide views on collaborative international arrangements against cybercrime. Law enforcement teams belong to organisations such as Interpol and the Virtual Global Taskforce (VGT) on child abuse material. 5.3.6 Intelligence Community The ITU does not deal with national defence and national security matters. However, for completeness, we should note that intelligence agencies can play a distinctive role in the planning and execution of a national cybersecurity strategy. Intelligence agencies have enduring expertise in monitoring telecommunications networks. For example, agencies 31 32 are experts in cryptography and cryptanalysis . Thus, the agencies may offer insights into the usefulness of technical countermeasures. We should stress that the involvement of intelligence agencies is often controversial. Many States segregate civilian and military networks. Therefore, involving the intelligence agencies in the planning of a strategy may blur the distinction and provoke civil liberties issues. That said the interconnected nature of cyberspace and potential attack spill over makes such segregation academic. 31 Cryptography is the art and science of hiding information Cryptanalysis is the ability to break a code (cipher) and obtain plaintext from ciphertext. Cryptography and cryptanalysis are sub-domains of cryptology a branch of Mathematics that deals with the science of information secrecy 32 29