iii Preface The world community relies with increasing regularity on UN sanctions as its most powerful non-military response to threats to global peace and security. When properly applied and implemented, UN sanctions are a versatile and effective mechanism for responding to the expanding permutations of security threats and challenges. The High Level Review of UN Sanctions (HLR) is the latest manifestation of the international community’s continual efforts to shape and enhance this tool in deterring proliferation, terrorism, gross violations of human rights, and supporting peaceful transitions. Building on previous processes—the Interlaken, Bonn-Berlin, Stockholm and Greek initiative—the HLR focuses on the implementation of UN sanctions. Sponsored by our Governments, the HLR convened numerous Members States, the Secretariat, as well as other UN bodies and international organizations, together with practitioners and experts from the public and private sectors, all of whom participated in the Review and contributed to this rich and incisive Compendium. The 150 recommendations contained in the Compendium are intended as a starting point for initiatives and discussions in relevant bodies to further refine sanctions and their implementation to better protect nations and victim communities, enhance the preventive benefits of sanctions, and shape targeted measures with even greater precision. The Compendium serves as a reminder that the implementation of sanctions is not the responsibility of a few but a shared obligation of all Member States under the UN Charter. Where the responsibility to implement sanctions exceeds the capacity of frontline and other States, effective assistance must be made available. Integrative approaches to sanctions implementation strengthen the global community’s ability to combat new threats that inevitably will emerge and demand determined responses. At the outset of the Review, Deputy Secretary-General Jan Eliasson urged particular attention to three specific issues—for the HLR to contribute to a better and wider understanding of Security Council sanctions; that the Review strengthen UN support for the design, implementation and frequent adjustment of sanctions regimes; and that individuals, entities and states